Indlela Yokukhetha Ngokufanele Idivayisi Evikelayo Yokukhuphuka (i-SPD)

Indlela Yokukhetha Ngokufanele Idivayisi Evikelayo Yokukhuphuka (i-SPD)

I. Izindlela Zokukhetha Okuyinhloko

1. Khetha Uhlobo lwe-SPD Ngokusekelwe Ezingeni Lokuvikela

• I-SPD Yekilasi I (Ukuhlolwa Kohlobo 1): Kufakwe emnyango wephaneli yokusabalalisa oyinhloko ukuze kumelwane nokushaywa kombani okuqondile noma okubangelwayo (ukukhishwa kwamandla kagesi ≥12.5kA, kunconywa i-25kA~100kA). Sebenzisa ama-SPD ahlanganisiwe (inhlanganisela ye-GDT + MOV) angenawo amandla okulandela kanye ne-voltage ephansi eseleyo.
• I-SPD Yesigaba II (Ukuhlolwa Kohlobo 2): Kusetshenziswa kumaphaneli okusabalalisa okuncane noma emaphethelweni egumbi lemishini ukuze kuncishiswe i-overvoltage ebangelwayo (ukukhishwa kwamandla kagesi angu-20kA~40kA). Ama-MOV anciphisa i-voltage ane-voltage eseleyo engu-≤1.5kV ajwayelekile.
• I-SPD Yesigaba III (Ukuhlolwa Kohlobo 3): Kufakwe eduze kwemishini yokugcina (isb., amaseva, amaswishi) ukuvikela amadivayisi abucayi (ukukhipha amandla kagesi angu-10kA~20kA), nge-voltage eseleyo engu-≤1.2kV.

2. Amapharamitha Esistimu Yokufanisa

• I-Voltage Eqhubekayo Ephezulu (Uc): Kumelwe ibe yi-voltage ejwayelekile yesistimu izikhathi ezingu-≥1.15 (isb., khetha i-Uc ≥440V yesistimu engu-380V) ukuze ugweme ukubangelwa yiphutha ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwe-voltage.
   
• Izinga Lokuvikela I-Voltage (Phezulu): I-SPD Yekilasi I: Phezulu ≤2.5kV
  I-SPD Yekilasi II: Iphezulu ≤1.5kV
  I-Class III SPD: Phezulu ≤1.2kV Qinisekisa ukuthi Phezulu ≤80% we-voltage yokumelana nemishini.
     
• Isikhathi Sempendulo:
  I-SPD yekilasi I: ≤25ns
  I-SPD Yekilasi II: ≤25ns
  I-SPD yeKlasi III: ≤1ns

3. Izidingo Zokufaka Isisekelo Nokufaka

• Ukumelana Nokumisa: ≤4Ω (≤10Ω ezindaweni ezinokumelana okuphezulu kwenhlabathi), kanye nesigaba esiphambeneyo somqhubi wokumisa umhlabathi ≥25mm².
• Indawo Yokufaka: Beka phambili ukusondelana nemishini evikelwe, unciphise ubude be-lead (ubude be-lead obuphelele ≤0.5m) ukuze ugweme ukufakwa kwe-voltage okubangelwayo.

II. Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele
1. Ukukhethwa Kohlobo lwe-SPD

• I-SPD Yokushintsha Amandla (GDT): Ugesi okhipha amandla aphezulu (≥100kA) kodwa izingozi zilandela ukuphazamiseka kwamandla kagesi kanye nogesi; ifanele kuphela ukuvikelwa kweSigaba I.
• I-SPD Enciphisa Amandla (MOV): Amandla aphansi asele kodwa avame ukuguga; kudinga ukuqapha njalo.
• I-Hybrid SPD: Ihlanganisa izinzuzo zokushintsha kanye nezinhlobo zokunciphisa; inconywa izinhlelo zokuvikela ezinezigaba eziningi.

2. Ukuxhumanisa Phakathi Kwezigaba

• Isikhala esincane phakathi kwama-SPD aphezulu naphansi: ≥10m (ukushintsha + ukukhawulela) noma ≥5m (ukukhawulela + ukukhawulela); ngaphandle kwalokho, faka amadivayisi okuhlukanisa.
• Ifomula yokuxhumanisa amandla: I-SPD ephezulu imunca u-80% wamandla, i-SPD ephansi imunca u-20%.

3. Ukuvikelwa Kwesipele

• Ama-circuit breaker noma ama-fuse axhunywe ngochungechunge (amanje alinganiselwe ≥1.5 ngokuphindwe kabili kumanje oqhubekayo we-SPD) ukuvimbela ukwanda kwe-short-circuit.
• Khetha ama-SPD anezinkomba zokuwohloka kokuxhumeka okuzenzakalelayo kanye ne-alamu uma ehluleka.

4. Izidingo Zesimo Esikhethekile

• Uhlelo lwe-TN-C: Sebenzisa imodi ye-3+NPE noma ye-3P+N ukuze ugweme izingozi zokumisa kabusha umugqa we-PEN.
• Uhlelo lwe-TT: Faka i-SPD phakathi kwemigqa ye-N ne-PE ukuze uvimbele ukuvela komehluko ongase ube khona.

III. Ukuhlolwa Kokuqinisekiswa Komklamo
1. Ukuhlolwa Kokukhuphuka Kombani: Qinisekisa ukuthi i-SPD iyakwazi ukumelana namandla angaphansi kwe-10/350μs waveform (Class I) noma i-residual voltage ngaphansi kwe-8/20μs waveform (Class II/III).
2. Ukuhlolwa Kokuzinza Kokushisa: Ukugeleza kwamanje okuqhubekayo amahora ama-2 (50% ye-Imax), kuhlola ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa ≤60K.
3. Ukuqapha Ukubola: Sebenzisa izinzwa ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ukuqapha ukuvuza kwamanje (inani elijwayelekile

IV. Amaphutha Avamile Nezixazululo  

Iphutha 1: Ukunganaki uhlobo lokumisa isistimu, okubangela ukwehluleka kwe-SPD.
Isixazululo: Kumasistimu e-TN, khetha u-3P+N; kumasistimu e-TT, khetha u-3P+PE; kumasistimu e-IT, khetha u-3P.
Iphutha 2: Isikhala se-SPD esinganele, okuholela ekuphazamisekeni phakathi kwezigaba.
Isixazululo: Gcina ≥10m phakathi kwama-SPD aphezulu/aphansi noma ufake ama-decoupling inductors (≥1mH).
Iphutha 3: Ukunganaki ukuvikelwa kokusekelayo, ingozi yokudubula ngemuva kokunciphisa i-SPD.
Isixazululo: Ama-fuse axhunywe ochungechungeni (amanje alinganiselwe ≥1.5 izikhathi zamanje eziqhubekayo ze-SPD).

Isifinyezo  
Ukukhethwa kwe-SPD kudinga ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwamandla kagesi esistimu, ingozi yombani, ikhono lokumelana nemishini, kanye nendawo yokufaka. Ama-SPD e-Class I abeka phambili amandla okukhipha, kuyilapho i-Class II/III igxile ekulawuleni amandla kagesi asele. Ama-SPD esignali kumele afane nezinhlobo zesikhombimsebenzisi. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile (isb., amandla okuvuza, ukuguga ngokomzimba) kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokuvikela kwesikhathi eside.