Ukuvikelwa Kombani Wangaphakathi kanye Namadivayisi Okukhuphuka: Uyini Umehluko?

1. Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kokuvikelwa Kombani Wangaphakathi kanye Ukuvikelwa Kokukhuphuka

Ukuvikelwa Kombani Kwangaphakathi (I-LPS Yangaphakathi):

Lokhu kuyingxenye yesistimu yokuvikela umbani. Kuhlanganisa ukubopha okunamandla kombani kanye/noma ukuhlukaniswa kukagesi ohlelweni lokuvikela umbani lwangaphandle.

Izindlela Zokuvikela Ukwanda Kokukhuphuka (i-SPM):

Lezi yizinyathelo ezithathwayo ukuvikela izinhlelo zangaphakathi kuma-lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMP). I-SPM nayo iyingxenye yesistimu yokuvikela umbani iyonke.

Ngokusho koMfanekiso 1 ku-GB/T 21714.1, ukuvikelwa okuphelele kombani kuhlanganisa kokubili iSistimu Yokuvikela Umbani (i-LPS) kanye neZindlela Zokuvikela Ukwanda (i-SPM). Ukuvikelwa kokwanda (i-SPM) kuhlanganiswe ku-GB/T 21714.4, kuyilapho ukuvikelwa kokukhanya kwangaphakathi kuyingxenye ye-LPS (ehlanganisa izingxenye zangaphandle nezangaphakathi), futhi kuchazwe ku-GB/T 21714.3.

Umfanekiso 1 – Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwezingxenye ze-GB/T 21714

2. Umsuka Wokuvikelwa Kombani Wangaphakathi kanye Ukuvikelwa Kokukhuphuka

2.1 IEC 1024-1:1990

Ku-IEC 1024-1:1990, "Ukuvikelwa kwezakhiwo ekubangeni umbani – Ingxenye 1: Izimiso Ezijwayelekile", isigaba 1.2.7 sichaza Ukuvikelwa Kombani Wangaphakathi njengezinyathelo ezengeziwe ngale kohlelo lokuvikela umbani lwangaphandle. Lezi zinyathelo zisiza ukunciphisa imiphumela kagesi yemisinga yombani ngaphakathi kwesikhala esivikelwe. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwe-IEC 1024-1:1990, i-LPS yangaphakathi ifaka konke okungaphandle kwe-LPS yangaphandle — ehlanganisa nokuvikelwa kuma-pulse kagesi (LEMP).

2.2 IEC 62305-1:2006

Ngesikhathi se-IEC 62305-1:2006, "Ukuvikelwa emnyameni – Ingxenye 1: Izimiso Ezijwayelekile" (uhlelo lokuqala), izincazelo zaba zicacile kakhulu:

3.42 Uhlelo Lokuvikela Umbani Wangaphakathi (LPS): Ingxenye ye-LPS equkethe ukubopha okunamandla kanye/noma ukuhlukaniswa kukagesi kusuka ku-LPS yangaphandle. 3.49 Uhlelo Lokulinganisa Ukuvikelwa kwe-LEMP (LPMS): Uhlelo oluphelele lwezinyathelo zokuvikela izinhlelo zangaphakathi kuma-pulse kagesi ombani (LEMP).

Uchungechunge lwe-IEC 62305-1 kuya ku-4:2006 luthathe indawo yezindinganiso zangaphambili, luhlanganisa imibhalo eminingana ye-IEC TC81. Lwahlukanisa incazelo endala ye-LPS yangaphakathi kusuka ku-IEC 1024 yaba izingxenye ezimbili: i-LPS yangaphakathi kanye ne-LPMS (yokuvikela i-LEMP). Ku-IEC 62305-1:2024, i-LPMS yaqanjwa ngokusemthethweni yaba yi-Surge Protection Measures (SPM).

Izindlela Zokuvikela Umbani Wangaphakathi Ezi-3

Ukuvikelwa kombani kwangaphakathi kubalulekile ohlelweni lokuvikela umbani olusebenza kahle. Uma kungekho ukuvikelwa kwangaphakathi okukhona, imisinga yombani egeleza nge-LPS yangaphandle noma kwezinye izingxenye eziqhuba umbani zesakhiwo ingabangela izinhlansi eziyingozi. Lezi zinhlansi zingaholela emlilweni, ekulimaleni komuntu, noma ekulimaleni kwengqalasizinda. Ngaphandle kokwehluka kwamabanga okuhlukana, ukuvikelwa kwangaphakathi kuyafana kuwo wonke amazinga okuvikela umbani. Izinhlansi zingase zenzeke phakathi kwe-LPS yangaphandle kanye nezingxenye ezilandelayo: Ukufakwa kwensimbi, Izinhlelo zangaphakathi zesakhiwo, Izingxenye eziqhuba umbani zangaphandle noma amapayipi axhunywe esakhiweni esivikelwe.

Ngokwezindinganiso, izinhlansi ezenzeka ezindaweni ezingase ziqhume zesakhiwo zihlala zibhekwa njengeziyingozi. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwezinhlansi, enye yezindlela ezilandelayo kufanele isetshenziswe: Ukubopha kwe-Equipotential, noma; Ukufakwa kukagesi phakathi kwezingxenye zensimbi.

Izindlela zokubopha ze-equipotential (bheka uMfanekiso 2) zifaka okulandelayo:

Ama-bonding conductor, asetshenziswa lapho ukuxhumeka kwemvelo kunganikezi ukuqhubeka kukagesi, isib., ngokuxhuma ngqo emanzini noma emapayipini okushisa;

Amadivayisi Okuvikela Okukhuphuka (i-SPD), asetshenziswa lapho ukubopha okuqondile kungenzeki, isib., emigqeni ye-voltage ephansi; kanye

Ama-Isolated Spark Gaps (ISG), asetshenziswa lapho ama-bonding conductor engavunyelwe, isib., kumapayipi okuvikela i-cathodic noma amapayipi egesi.

Umfanekiso 2

ukubopha okunamandla kwe- ukuvikelwa kombani inezici ezilandelayo ezisekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-LPS yangaphandle:

I-LPS Ehlukanisiwe: Ukubopha kwenziwa kuphela ezingeni lomhlabathi;

I-LPS enamathiselwe: Ukubopha kufanele kwenziwe ku:

（1）Iphansi noma izinga lomhlabathi, kanye;

（2）Noma iyiphi indawo lapho ibanga lokuvikela noma lokuhlukaniswa elidingekayo lingafinyelelwa khona.

I-LPS evikelwe ngogesi: Ngaphezu kokubopha okuphansi, ukubopha kungenziwa nasezinhlelweni zokuqeda umoya noma kuma-downconductor.

4 Izindlela Zokuvikela Ukwanda Kokukhuphuka

I-SPM eyisisekelo ihlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

(1) Inethiwekhi yokwakha umhlaba kanye nokubopha

Uhlelo lokumba umhlaba luqhuba futhi luhlakaze umbani ngokuphephile emhlabathini.

Inethiwekhi yokubopha inciphisa umehluko ongaba khona futhi inciphise imiphumela yensimu yamagnetic.

(2) Ukuvikela nge-electromagnetic kanye nokuxhuma izintambo ngendlela efanele

Ukuvikela indawo kunciphisa amandla kazibuthe ngaphakathi kwe-LPZ okubangelwa ukushaya kombani okuqondile noma ukushaya eduze kwesakhiwo, futhi kusiza ekunciphiseni ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi.

Ukuvikela izintambo zangaphakathi ngezintambo noma imihubhe evikelwe kunciphisa ukukhuphuka okubangelwayo.

Ukuhlelwa kahle kwezintambo zangaphakathi kusiza ukunciphisa izihibe zokungenisa umoya nokunciphisa ukukhuphuka kwangaphakathi. Ukuvikela imigqa yangaphandle endaweni yokungena esakhiweni kunciphisa nokukhuphuka kwangaphakathi kwezinhlelo zangaphakathi.

(3) Uhlelo lwe-SPD oluhlanganisiwe

Uhlelo lwe-SPD oluhlanganisiwe lukhawulela umthelela wokwanda kwangaphandle nangaphakathi.

(4) Izixhumi zokuhlukaniswa

Izixhumi zokuhlukaniswa zinciphisa umphumela wokunyuka okuqhutshwayo emigqeni engena ku-LPZ.

Ukubopha komhlaba kanye nokubopha okune-equipotential kumele kuqinisekiswe njalo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokungena zesakhiwo - kungaba ngokuxhuma ngqo noma ngokuxhuma isevisi ngayinye yokuqhuba ku-SPD njengengxenye yokubopha okune-equipotential.

(5) Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinhlelo Zokuxwayisa Ngesiphepho Esinamandla (TWS)

Isigaba 7.1 se-IEC 62305-1:2024 sithi ukusebenzisa i-TWS ngokuhambisana ne-IEC 62793 kungasebenza njengesinyathelo sokuvikela ngokunqamula izinsizakalo zangaphandle, okusiza ekunciphiseni ukuvama komonakalo ezinhlelweni zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi.

5 Isiphetho

Izinyathelo zesistimu yangaphakathi zihlose ukuvimbela ukuqhumisa okuyingozi, okuhlanganisa ukubopha kwe-lightning equipotential ne-SPD yezinga lokuqala. Ukuvikelwa kokuqhumisa kubhekana kakhulu nokuqhumisa okuthinta izinhlelo zangaphakathi, futhi ama-SPD asetshenziselwa le njongo kumele ahlanganiswe ne-SPD yezinga lokuqala, kodwa angafaki izinga lokuqala. I-SPD uqobo.