Umthamo womhlaba wonke wokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic udlule ku-350GW ngonyaka odlule, kanti iShayina inikele ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu. Lobu buchwepheshe obuluhlaza obuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi bubone izindleko zalo zehla ngo-80% eminyakeni eyishumi, kodwa bubhekene nosongo olubulalayo lokushaywa kombani - isiteshi sikagesi e-Arizona, e-United States, esake salahlekelwa yizigidi ezimbili zamaRandi ngenxa yokushaywa kombani. Izivikeli zokushisa ziye zaba "yizinto ezisindisa impilo" zeziteshi zikagesi, ziqondisa amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-volts kagesi wombani emhlabathini ngenethiwekhi yokuvikela enamazinga amathathu. Ochwepheshe bezimboni baveze ukuthi njengoba i-voltage yezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic ikhuphuka iye ku-1500V, imishini yokuvikela ingenisa inguquko yezobuchwepheshe ezintweni ze-silicon carbide.

1.Uhlelo lwe-Photovoltaic: amandla ayinhloko wamandla ahlanzekile

1.1 Iyini iSistimu ye-Photovoltaic?

Uhlelo lwe-photovoltaic luyithuluzi eliguqula ngqo amandla elanga abe amandla kagesi. Ngokuyinhloko luqukethe izingxenye ezilandelayo eziyinhloko:

- Amamojula e-Photovoltaic (amaphaneli elanga): Ukusebenzisa umphumela we-photoelectric wezinto ze-semiconductor (njenge-silicon e-monocrystalline, i-silicon e-polycrystalline, noma amafilimu amancane) ukukhiqiza ugesi oqondile.

- Ama-Inverter: Guqula ugesi oqondile ube ugesi oshintshashintshayo ukuze usetshenziswe ekhaya noma ezimbonini.

- Izinhlelo zokufaka: Vikela amamojula e-photovoltaic futhi uthuthukise i-engeli yokwamukelwa kwelanga.

- Amabhethri okugcina (ongakukhetha): Gcina ugesi owengeziwe ukuze uthuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.

- Izinhlelo zokusabalalisa nokuqapha: Qinisekisa ukuthi ugesi uphuma kahle futhi uqapha isimo sokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela.

Izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic zingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezixhunywe kugridi (ezixhunywe kugridi kagesi yomphakathi) kanye nezinhlobo ezingaphandle kwegridi (ukunikezwa kwamandla okuzimele), futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ophahleni lwezindlu, ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano nezezimboni, eziteshini zikagesi ezinkulu ezifakwe phansi, kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla ezindaweni ezikude.

1.2 Isimo Sokuthuthukiswa Komhlaba Wonke Sezinhlelo Ze-Photovoltaic

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-photovoltaic ibone ukukhula okukhulu:

- Isikali sokufaka: Umthamo wokufaka omusha emhlabeni wonke udlule ku-350 GW ngo-2023, kanti iShayina, iYurophu, kanye ne-United States ziyizimakethe ezintathu eziphezulu.

- Ukwehliswa kwezindleko: Intengo yamamojula e-photovoltaic yehle ngaphezu kuka-80% uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka eyi-10 eyedlule, futhi kwezinye izifunda, izindleko zikagesi ezilinganisiwe (LCOE) zehle ngaphansi kwamadola aseMelika angu-0.03 nge-kWh ngayinye.

- Ukuphindaphinda kobuchwepheshe: Ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yamaseli e-TOPCon kanye ne-HJT ohlobo lwe-N kudlule u-25%, kanti ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri kobuchwepheshe be-perovskite kudlule u-33%.

2. Indima nokubaluleka kwezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic: ukukhuthaza ukuguquka kwamandla

2.1 Izinzuzo Zemvelo: Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwekhabhoni Nokubhekana Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi we-photovoltaic akungcolisi nhlobo kuyo yonke inqubo. Isiteshi ngasinye sikagesi se-photovoltaic esingu-1MW singanciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngamathani ayi-1,000 ngonyaka, okulingana nokutshala izihlahla ezingama-50,000. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), ukukhiqizwa kukagesi we-photovoltaic emhlabeni wonke kuye kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.

2.2 Izinzuzo Zezomnotho: Ukunciphisa Izindleko Zamandla Nokudala Imisebenzi

- Emakhaya Namabhizinisi: Ngemodeli ethi "Ukuzisebenzisa + Amandla Angaphezulu Kugridi", abasebenzisi bangonga u-30% kuya ku-90% ezikweletini zikagesi.

- Isu Likazwelonke: Uhlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lwe-14 lwaseShayina luphakamisa ukuthi ingxenye yamandla avuselelekayo ekukhiqizeni ugesi ifinyelele ku-33% ngo-2025, kanti imboni ye-photovoltaic izodala imisebenzi engaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu.

2.3 Ukuphepha Kwamandla: Ukugqashula Ekuluthweni Uphethiloli Wezinto Ezimbiwayo

Ngemva kwengxabano yeRussia ne-Ukraine, iYurophu isheshise uhlelo lwayo "lokugcina amandla nge-photovoltaic +". Ngo-2023, amandla amasha afakwe adlula i-60 GW, ehlose ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwayo kugesi wemvelo.

2.4 Inani Lomphakathi: Ukuxazulula Inkinga Kagesi Ezindaweni Ezingenawo Amandla Kagesi

Ezindaweni ezikude zase-Afrika, eNingizimu ye-Asia nakwezinye izifunda, izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic ezingaphandle kwegridi zihlinzeke ngogesi kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200, zithuthukisa izinsizakalo zomphakathi ezifana nokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nemfundo.

3. Izinsongo ezingabonakali ezinhlelweni ze-photovoltaic: izingozi zokukhuphuka kwamandla azinakwa

Nakuba izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic zinezinzuzo ezibalulekile, izici zazo zokufakwa ngaphandle zizifaka engcupheni enkulu yokwanda kwamandla kagesi.

3.1 Imithombo Nezingozi Zokwanda Kwezikhukhula

• Umbani ushaya: Umbani ushaya ngqo noma umbani obangelwayo ungadala ama-voltage aphezulu ngokushesha angamashumi ezinkulungwane zama-volt, angalimaza ama-inverter, izingxenye, noma abangele imililo.

• Ukushintshashintsha kwegridi: Ukusebenza kokushintsha, ukushintsha komthwalo ngokuzumayo, njll., kungabangela ugesi ongaphezu kwamandla, kulimaze imishini kagesi ebucayi.

• Ama-arc aseceleni e-DC: I-voltage ephezulu ye-DC ezinhlelweni ze-photovoltaic (600V - 1500V) yenza kube lula ukuthi ama-arc aqhubekayo avele ngenxa yokuguga noma ukuthintana okubi emigqeni, okubeka ingozi enkulu.

Icala: Ngo-2022, isiteshi sikagesi se-photovoltaic e-Arizona, e-USA, sathola umonakalo omkhulu kuma-inverter aso ngenxa yokushaywa umbani, okwaholela ekulahlekelweni okuqondile okungaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zamaRandi aseMelika.

3.2 Umsebenzi Oyinhloko Wamadivayisi Okuvikela Ukuqhuma (i-SPD)

Idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka (i-SPD) "ingumqaphi wokuphepha" wesistimu ye-photovoltaic. Iqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesistimu ngezindlela ezilandelayo

3.2.1 Ukukhishwa Kwe-High Voltage

Ihambisa umbani noma ugesi ogeleza ungene emhlabathini ukuze inciphise i-voltage ngaphakathi kwebanga eliphephile.

3.2.2 Ukuvikelwa Kwamazinga Amaningi

• Izinga 1 (ekugcineni kwe-photovoltaic array): Liphendula ekushayweni kombani okuqondile, ngomthamo wokuthwala ugesi ongaphezu kuka-20kA.

• Izinga 2 (ekugcineni kwe-inverter): Licindezela ukukhuphuka okusele futhi livikele imishini ebalulekile.

• Izinga 3 (ekupheleni kokusatshalaliswa): Linikeza isivikelo esinembile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwamandla esigungwini.

3.2.3 Ukuqapha Okuhlakaniphile

Ama-alamu esikhathi sangempela kanye nezaziso zobude bokuphila, okunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza nokugcinwa.

4. Kungani ukhethe isivikelo sethu sokukhuphuka? — Senzelwe izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic

Njengomhlinzeki ohamba phambili wezixazululo zokuvikela ukukhuphuka embonini, imikhiqizo yethu inezinzuzo ezilandelayo eziyinhloko

4.1 Ukuzivumelanisa kobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe nezidingo ze-photovoltaic

- Ukubekezelelana kwamandla kagesi aphezulu: Isekela uhlelo lwe-1500V DC, oludlula kakhulu umkhawulo we-1000V wama-SPD endabuko.

- Ukuvikelwa kwe-arc ye-DC: Idivayisi ye-rapid circuit breaker eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, isikhathi sokuphendula

- Ukumelana nesimo sezulu okunamandla: Izinga lokuvikela le-IP65, elisebenza ngaphakathi kwebanga lokushisa elibanzi elisukela ku--40℃ kuya ku-85℃, elifanele izindawo ezinzima njengezingwadule nezindawo ezisogwini.

4.2 Isitifiketi Somhlaba Wonke kanye Nokuqinisekiswa Kokuthobela Imithetho

- Ngithole izitifiketi zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-TUV, UL, kanye ne-IEC 61643-31, ezihlangabezana nezidingo ze-EU CE, i-US NEC 690 kanye neminye imithethonqubo.

- Imibiko ephelele yokulandelela izinto ze-silicon, ehlangabezana kalula nezidingo zokubuyekezwa ze-US UFLPA.

4.3 Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinsizakalo Ezinenani Elikhulu Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Ulwazi Lwamakhasimende

- Izixazululo Ezenziwe Ngokwezifiso: Amazinga okuvikela aklanywe ngokusekelwe esimweni sezulu sendawo kanye nezimo zegridi (njengokulungiselelwa okuthuthukisiwe kwezindawo ezinezimvula ezivame ukuduma).

- Ukuqapha Kude: Imodyuli ye-IoT yokuzikhethela ingafakwa kwipulatifomu yokusebenza nokulungisa i-photovoltaic ukuze kufezwe isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi samaphutha.

- Impendulo Esheshayo: Izingxenye ezisele zigcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina impahla zaphesheya kwezilwandle, futhi ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe kuzonikezwa zingakapheli amahora angu-48.

Icala Lekhasimende:

- Kuhlinzekwe ngesisombululo esiphelele se-SPD sesiteshi sikagesi se-photovoltaic esingu-300MW eSaudi Arabia, ngaphandle kokushaya umbani kungakapheli iminyaka emithathu.

- Ngemva kokuba abathengisi baseJalimane be-photovoltaic bezindlu beyithengile, izinga lezikhalazo zamakhasimende lehle ngo-90%.

5. Ukubheka esikhathini esizayo: Ukuvikelwa kwe-PV kanye nokwenyuka kwe-surge kuthuthukiswa ngasikhathi sinye

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic buqhubeka nokuthuthuka bubheke kuma-voltage aphezulu (njengezinhlelo ze-2000V) kanye nobuhlakani obukhulu, izivikeli zokukhuphuka nazo zizothuthukiswa ngasikhathi sinye:

- Ubuhlakani: I-AI ibikezela izingozi zokushaywa umbani futhi ilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo amasu okuvikela.

- Ukusungula izinto ezintsha: Amadivayisi e-Silicon Carbide (SiC) athuthukisa isivinini sokuphendula kanye nesikhathi sokuphila.

- Ukuhlanganiswa kwesistimu: Ukubambisana okujulile nama-inverter kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ukuze kwakhiwe inethiwekhi yokuvikela ehlanganisiwe "esebenzayo + engenzi lutho".

Isiphetho

Khetha isivikelo esithembekile ukuze uvikele ikusasa le-photovoltaics

Uhlelo lwe-photovoltaic luyisisekelo soguquko lwamandla aluhlaza, kanti isivikelo sokukhuphuka "siwumugqa wokuzivikela ongabonakali" wokusebenza kwaso okuzinzile isikhathi eside. Sizibophezele ekuhlinzekeni amakhasimende omhlaba wonke ngezixazululo ze-SPD ezingabizi kakhulu nezithembekile kakhulu, sisiza wonke ama-watt kagesi ahlanzekile ukuthi afike endaweni yawo ngokuphephile.