Ukukhetha Amadivayisi Okuvikela Ukwanda Kwezinhlelo ze-PV - Ukufakwa kwama-SPD
1. Izici Ezithinta Ukufakwa kwe-SPD
Ama-overvoltage ezinhlelweni ze-photovoltaic (PV) ophahleni abangelwa kakhulu ukushaya kombani okuqondile (esakhiweni noma eduze kwemishini ye-PV ene-LPS), i-voltage ebangelwa izinguquko zensimu kagesi ezihlobene nombani, noma imisebenzi yokushintsha kumanethiwekhi okusabalalisa amandla e-AC/DC. Ukuze kuhlolwe isidingo sokuvikelwa kokukhuphuka nokunquma isu lokuvikela elifanele, i-voltage elinganiselwe yokumelana nomfutho (Uw) yemishini kufanele isetshenziswe njengereferensi. Ngaphandle kokuthi kuchazwe ngenye indlela ngokuhlolwa kobungozi, ama-SPD kufanele afakwe kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-DC kanye ne-AC zesistimu ye-PV.
Amadivayisi angaphakathi kohlelo lwe-PV angadinga ukuvikelwa afaka:
Ama-inverter, kufaka phakathi izixhumi zokuxhumanisa uhlelo lwe-AC olune-voltage ephansi kanye nohlelo lwe-DC, ama-PV arrays, izintambo zohlelo lwe-PV zangaphakathi, izingxenye ezifakwe phakathi kwe-inverter nama-PV arrays, njengamabhokisi okuhlanganisa; imishini esetshenziselwa ukuqapha nokulawula uhlelo lwe-PV.
Ngokusho kwe-IEC 61643-12 kanye nezigaba ezifanele ze-GB/T 21714, ukukhethwa nokufakwa kwama-SPD ezinhlelo ze-PV kuncike ezintweni eziningi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-ground flash density (NG) [1/km²·year] noma inani elimaphakathi lezinsuku zokuduma kwezulu ngonyaka (T), izici zesistimu yokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi aphansi (isb., izintambo eziphezulu noma izintambo ezingaphansi komhlaba) kanye nohlobo lwemishini evikelwe, noma ngabe isistimu yokuvikela umbani yangaphandle (LPS) ifakiwe ukuvikela uhlelo lwe-PV ekushayweni kombani okuqondile.
Uma kukhona i-LPS yangaphandle, izidingo ze-SPD zithonywa yizinga lokuvikela (Uhlobo) lwe-LPS nokuthi ibanga lokuhlukaniswa elidingekayo (S) phakathi kwe-LPS nohlelo lwe-PV liyagcinwa yini (i-LPS ehlukanisiwe vs. i-LPS engahlukanisiwe).
2. Ithonya Lokulungiselelwa Okuhlukile Kwangaphandle kwe-LPS Ekuvikelweni Kombani Kwezinhlelo ze-PV
Ukufakwa kwe-SPD kwezinhlelo ze-PV zophahla ngokuvamile kuwela ezigabeni ezintathu, ngokusekelwe ekubeni khona kanye nohlobo lwe-LPS yangaphandle:
(1) Izinhlelo ze-PV Ezingenazo i-LPS Yangaphandle
Njengoba kuboniswe kumdwebo (akufakiwe lapha), uma isakhiwo singenawo uhlelo lokuvikela umbani lwangaphandle, ama-SPD kufanele afakwe ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwengozi yombani. Kunconywa ukufaka amadivayisi okuvikela ukukhuphuka kokubili ezinhlangothini ze-AC kanye ne-DC ukuvikela izingxenye ze-PV ezibalulekile.
Ohlangothini lwe-DC, kufanele kufakwe i-Type 2 DC SPD (ebizwa ngokuthi i-DC1) eduze kwebhokisi le-PV combiner noma i-PV array (uma kungekho bhokisi le-combiner elisetshenziswayo). Le SPD ivikela isakhiwo ekukhuphukeni kwangaphandle okudluliswa ngezintambo ze-PV futhi ivame ukufakwa ngemva nje kokuba izintambo ze-PV zingene esakhiweni. Enye i-Type 2 DC SPD (ebizwa ngokuthi i-DC2) kufanele ifakwe eduze kokufakwa kwe-DC kwe-inverter. Uma ubude bekhebula phakathi kwe-DC1 ne-inverter bungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10, i-DC1 ingashiywa.
Ohlangothini lwe-AC, kunconywa i-Type 2 AC SPD (ebizwa ngokuthi i-AC1) ekufakweni kwe-AC mains, ngokuvamile etholakala kuphaneli yokusabalalisa eyinhloko. Le divayisi ivikela ekukhuphukeni okuvela kugridi yokusetshenziswa. Ukuthi i-AC1 iyadingeka yini ohlelweni olungenalo ukuvikelwa kombani wangaphandle kuncike emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwengozi yombani. Ukuze kuvikelwe i-inverter ebizayo, i-Type 2 AC SPD (ebizwa ngokuthi i-AC2) ivame ukufakwa eduze kokuphuma kwe-AC kwe-inverter. Uma ubude bekhebula phakathi kwe-AC1 ne-AC2 bungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10, i-AC2 ingashiywa. Sicela ubheke ithebula lokucushwa ukuze uthole isiqondiso esinemininingwane.
(2) Izinhlelo ze-PV ezine-LPS yangaphandle ezihlangabezana nebanga elidingekayo lokuhlukaniswa (i-LPS ehlukanisiwe)
Njengoba kuboniswe kumdwebo, lapho isakhiwo sinesistimu yokuvikela umbani yangaphandle (njengezinduku zokuqeda umoya noma amatheyipu) futhi uhla lwe-PV oluphahleni luvikelwe yilolu hlelo ngebanga elifanele lokuhlukaniswa, uhlelo lwe-PV lubhekwa njengolune-LPS ehlukanisiwe. Ngisho nakulesi simo, ukufaka ama-SPD kusadingeka.
Kumasistimu ane-LPS ehlukanisiwe, ukusethwa kwe-SPD kufana nezinhlelo ezingenazo izivikelo zangaphandle zombani. I-Type 2 DC SPD kufanele ifakwe eduze kwebhokisi le-combiner, noma eduze kwe-PV array uma kungekho bhokisi le-combiner elisetshenziswayo. Enye i-Type 2 DC SPD kufanele ibekwe eduze kohlangothi lwe-DC lwe-inverter, kanye ne-Type 2 AC SPD eduze kohlangothi lwe-AC lwe-inverter. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo lwe-PV luxhuma ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesakhiwo, i-Type 1 AC SPD nayo iyadingeka ebhodini elikhulu lokusabalalisa i-AC lapho amandla okusetshenziswa engena khona esakhiweni. Bheka ithebula lokucushwa ukuze uthole isiqondiso esinemininingwane sokuhlela.
(3) Izinhlelo ze-PV ezine-LPS yangaphandle ezingahlangabezani nebanga elidingekayo lokuhlukaniswa (i-LPS engahlukanisiwe)
Ezinhlelweni ze-PV eziphahleni lapho amaphaneli eseduze kakhulu nohlelo lokuvikela umbani lwangaphandle (i-LPS) futhi engakwazi ukuhlangabezana nebanga lokuphepha elidingekayo, zonke izingxenye zensimbi zohlelo lwe-PV zidinga ukuxhunywa ku-LPS ukuqinisekisa ukubopha okufanele kwe-lightning equipotential. Lena indlela evamile esetshenziswa ekuvikeleni umbani ophahleni. Kulokhu kusetha, zombili izintambo ze-AC ne-DC ziphathwa njengezikhondisi ezihambisanayo ohlelweni lokubopha, okusho ukuthi zingathinteka ngqo umbane wombani. Yingakho i-IEC incoma ukusebenzisa amadivayisi okuvikela ugesi wohlobo 1 (ama-SPD)—ngokuvamile kanye nama-SPD ohlobo 2—ezindaweni ezibalulekile ohlelweni: lapho izintambo ze-PV zingena khona esakhiweni, kanye nasezinhlangothini ze-AC ne-DC zamadivayisi abalulekile njenge-inverter.
Njengoba kuboniswe kumdwebo, i-DC1 kufanele ifakwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nebhokisi lokuhlanganisa, noma eduze kwe-PV array uma kungekho bhokisi lokuhlanganisa. I-DC2 ne-AC2 kufanele zibekwe eduze kwe-inverter ukuze ziyinike isivikelo esingcono. Ezimweni eziningi, i-AC1 (ephanelini eliyinhloko) kanye ne-AC2 (eduze kwe-inverter) zombili ziyadingeka. Kodwa uma i-inverter ifakiwe ngaphakathi kwephaneli eliyinhloko futhi yabelana ngomhlabathi ofanayo, ubude bekhebula bungaphansi noma bulingana namamitha angu-0.5, khona-ke i-AC2 ingase ingadingeki. Ungahlola ithebula ukuze uthole isiqondiso sokufaka esinemininingwane.
1：I-DC1 ingashiywa ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezilandelayo: Uma ubude bekhebula phakathi kwe-DC1 kanye ne-inverter bungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10, futhi izinga lokuvikela i-voltage (Up) ye-AC2 lingaphansi noma lilingana nezikhathi ezingu-0.8, i-PV array's rated impulse ukumelana ne-voltage (Uw); noma uma i-Up ye-AC2 ingaphansi noma ilingana nezikhathi ezingu-0.5 ze-Uw kanye ne-PE (protective earth) conductor iqondiswa eduze kwezintambo ze-DC.
2：I-AC2 ingashiywa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilandelayo: Uma ubude bekhebula phakathi kwe-AC1 ne-AC2 bungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10; noma uma i-inverter kanye nebhodi lokusabalalisa eliyinhloko babelana nge-electrode efanayo yokumisa, futhi izintambo zokuxhuma ze-SPD zingadluli amamitha angu-0.5—isibonelo, uma i-inverter ifakiwe ngaphakathi kwephaneli eliyinhloko.
3：Indawo encane yokuwela yabaqondisi be-SPD grounding: Kuma-SPD ohlobo lwe-2, umqhubi we-copper grounding akufanele abe ngaphansi kuka-6 mm²; kuma-SPD ohlobo lwe-1, akufanele abe ngaphansi kuka-16 mm².
Ukukhethwa kwama-SDP ohlangothini lwe-DC ezinhlelweni ze-PV eziphahleni kuncike kakhulu ekutheni isakhiwo sivikelwe kanjani embaneni nokuthi uhlelo luxhunywe kanjani. Ngokwethebula lokucushwa kanye nezindinganiso ze-IEC, kufanele kube nesivikelo sokukhuphuka ngasohlangothini lwe-DC lwe-inverter. Kodwa ama-SPD engeziwe eduze kwebhokisi lokuhlanganisa—noma eduze kwamaphaneli e-PV uma kungekho bhokisi lokuhlanganisa—adingeka kuphela uma ikhebula eliphakathi kwamaphaneli kanye ne-inverter lide kunamamitha ayi-10.
Nokho, lokhu akwenziwa yonke indawo. Kwamanye amazwe—isibonelo, eJalimane—imithetho empeleni iphambene nalokho. Lapho, ukuvikelwa kokushisa kwe-DC kuhlala kufakwa eduze kwamaphaneli e-PV, futhi udinga ukwengeza eyodwa kuphela eduze kwe-inverter uma ukusebenza kwekhebula kungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10.