Ⅰ. Kuyini i ukwanda okukhulu idivayisi yokuvikela (ama-SPD)?

 

Idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka (i-SPD) iyidivayisi kagesi esetshenziselwa ukuvikela imishini kagesi ekukhuphukeni kwamandla kagesi okudlulayo, njengaleyo ebangelwa ukushaywa kombani, ukushintshashintsha kwegridi yamandla, noma ukuphakama kwamandla kagesi okubangelwa ukushintsha kwemishini. Iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwemishini kagesi, yandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini, futhi inciphisa ingozi yomonakalo obangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi ngokunciphisa ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi okudlulayo kanye nokuphambukisa imisinga yokukhuphuka komhlabathi iye phansi.

 

Izivikelo zokushisa zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zamandla, kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana, ezenzakalelayo zezimboni, ezintweni zasendlini nakwezinye izinkambu, futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuvikela ukuphepha kukagesi.

 

1.1 Isimiso Sokusebenza Somvikeli Wokukhuphuka

 

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesivikelo sokukhuphuka kwamandla ukuthola nokucindezela i-overvoltage. Isimiso saso sokusebenza sincike kakhulu kulezi zindlela ezilandelayo.

 

1.1.1 Ukubopha i-voltage

Uma i-voltage esesekethe idlula umkhawulo obekwe, izingxenye ezingezona eziqondile ngaphakathi kwesivikelo sokukhuphuka (njenge-varistors, amashubhu okukhipha igesi noma ama-diode adlulayo) zihamba ngokushesha, zikhawulele i-overvoltage ngaphakathi kwebanga eliphephile.

 

1.1.2 Amandla Ukukhishwa

Isivikelo sokukhuphuka kwamandla sidlulisela amandla akhiqizwa yi-overvoltage ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokumisa umhlaba, siwavimbele ukuthi angangeni emishinini evikelwe.

 

1.1.3 Okuzenzakalelayo ukululama

Ezinye izivikeli zokukhuphuka zingabuyela ngokuzenzakalelayo ekusebenzeni okuvamile ngemva kwesehlakalo sokukhuphuka, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukushintshwa ngesandla noma ukusethwa kabusha.

 

1.2 Kanjani ku- khetha isivikelo sokukhuphuka

Uma ukhetha isivikelo sokukhuphuka esifanele, izici ezilandelayo zidinga ukucatshangelwa.

 

1.2.1 I-voltage izinga 

I-voltage elinganisiwe yesivikelo sokukhuphuka kufanele ifane ne-voltage yesistimu evikelwe, njengohlelo lwe-220V AC noma uhlelo lwe-48V DC.

 

1.2.2 Okwamanje umthamo (Ngaphakathi/Nge-Iimp)

 

Lokhu kubonisa umkhawulo ophezulu wamandla okukhuphuka angakwazi ukumelana nawo isivikelo sokukhuphuka, ngokuvamile esilinganiswa ku-kA (izinkulungwane zama-ampere), kanye nama-SPD anomthamo wamandla aphezulu kufanele akhethwe ezindaweni ezinezibani ezivame ukushaya.

 

1.2.3 Impendulo isikhathi

  

Uma isikhathi sokuphendula sifushane, umphumela wokuvikela uba ngcono. Ama-SPD anesikhathi sokuphendula sezinga le-nanosecond afanelekela imishini kagesi enembile.

 

1.2.4 Ukuvikelwa imodi

 

Khetha imodi yokuvikela yesigaba esisodwa, yesigaba sesithathu noma ehlanganisiwe (njenge-LN, i-L-PE, i-N-PE, njll.) ngokwezidingo zesistimu.

 

1.2.5 Ukufakwa indawo

  

Ngokwezinga le-IEC 61643, izivikeli zokuqhuma zingahlukaniswa njengoHlobo 1 (umnyango wesakhiwo), Uhlobo 2 (ibhokisi lokusabalalisa), kanye noHlobo 3 (ukuphela kwemishini).

 

1.2.6 Isitifiketi amazinga

 

Khetha imikhiqizo ehambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke (njenge-UL 1449, IEC 61643) ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuthembeka.

 

1.3 Kanjani ku- faka isivikelo sokuqhuma

 

Ukufakwa okufanele kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo sokukhuphuka sisebenza kahle:

 

1.3.1 Ukufakwa indawo:

 

- I-SPD yohlobo 1 kufanele ifakwe kuphaneli yokusabalalisa eyinhloko noma emgqeni ongenayo wesakhiwo ukuze ivikeleke ekushayweni kombani oqondile noma ekushayweni kombani okubangelwayo.

- Uhlobo lwesibili lwe-SPD lufakiwe kuphaneli yokusabalalisa yesibili ukuze lunikeze isivikelo sesibili.

- Uhlobo lwe-SPD 3 lufakwe eduze kwemishini ebucayi njengamaseva namadivayisi okuxhumana.

 

1.3.2 Indlela yokuxhuma izintambo:

 

Sebenzisa izintambo ezimfushane nezijiyile ukuze uxhume ukuze unciphise ukuvinjelwa.

Qinisekisa ukuthi ukumelana komhlabathi kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso (ngokuvamile ≤ 10Ω).

 

1.3.3 Ukuxhumana okuhambisanayo nochungechunge:

 

- Ama-SPD amaningi afakwa ngokulingana, okungaphazamisi ukusebenza okuvamile kwesekethe.

- Amanye ama-SPD akhethekile (njengohlobo lokuhlunga) angafakwa ochungechungeni.

 

1.3.4 Ukulungiswa kanye nokufaka esikhundleni:

 

- Hlola njalo isimo se-SPD. Amanye ama-SPD anenkomba yokuphila (isibonelo, ifasitela elibomvu libonisa ukwehluleka).

- Noma ngabe ukubukeka kuphelele ngemva kokuphazamiseka okuningi, kufanele kushintshwe.

 

Ⅱ. DC/I-AC isivikelo sokwanda

 

2.1 DC Ukwanda Umvikeli

 

2.1.1 Umqondo Womvikeli Wokukhuphuka Kwe-DC

 

I-DC Surge Protector (DC SPD) yenzelwe ngqo izinhlelo zamandla ze-DC futhi isetshenziselwa ukuvikela imishini esebenza nge-DC njengezinhlelo ze-solar photovoltaic, iziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi, iziteshi zokuxhumana, kanye nezikhungo zedatha ekulimaleni kokukhuphuka. Njengoba ugesi we-DC ungenazo izinguquko eziqhubekayo, umklamo wokuvikela ukukhuphuka kwe-DC udinga ukucabangela izici ze-voltage eziqhubekayo kanye ne-polarity.

 

2.1.2 Ukusebenza Isimiso Somvikeli Wokukhuphuka Kwe-DC

 

• Umklamo ozwela i-polarity: I-polarity ye-voltage yesistimu ye-DC izinzile. I-SPD kumele iqinisekise ukuthi ingasebenza kahle kuphela uma izigxobo ezinhle nezimbi zixhunywe kahle.

• Amandla okumelana ne-voltage ngokuqhubekayo: Ngokungafani ne-AC SPD, i-DC SPD idinga ukumelana ne-voltage eqinile isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokungasebenzi kahle.

• Ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokucima i-arc: Ugesi we-DC awunayo indawo yemvelo yokuwela u-zero, futhi i-arc kunzima ukuyicisha. Ngakho-ke, i-DC SPD idinga ukusebenzisa idivayisi ekhethekile yokucima i-arc (njengokucima i-arc okuqhumayo okubangelwa yi-magnetic blowout).

 

2.1.3 Umsebenzi woMvikeli we-DC Surge

 

- Vikela amaphaneli e-photovoltaic elanga, ama-inverter kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ekushayweni kombani kanye nokushintshashintsha kwamandla.

- Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kweziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi, ukuvimbela ukushaqeka kwamandla kagesi aphezulu ukuthi kungalimazi uhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri.

- Isiqinisekiso sokuphepha kokunikezwa kukagesi kwe-DC kweziteshi zokuxhumana kanye nezikhungo zedatha, kunciphisa ingozi yokungasebenzi kwemishini.

 

2.2 AC Ukwanda Umvikeli

 

2.2.1 Umqondo yoMvikeli Wokukhuphuka kwe-AC

 

I-AC Surge Protector (AC SPD) isetshenziselwa ukuvikela uhlelo lwamandla e-AC (njengezindlu, amafektri, izakhiwo zebhizinisi, njll.) ekulimaleni kokukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi. Ngenxa yezinguquko eziqhubekayo ku-voltage kagesi we-AC, ukwakheka kwe-SPD kudinga ukuzivumelanisa nemvamisa (50Hz/60Hz) kanye nokwehluka kwesigaba.

 

2.2.2 Ukusebenza Isimiso Somvikeli Wokukhuphuka Kwe-AC

 

• Ukuzivumelanisa Nesigaba: I-AC SPD kumele ikwazi ukuvala i-voltage ngempumelelo kuzo zonke izigaba.

• Impendulo Esheshayo: Imvamisa ye-AC iphezulu, ngakho-ke isikhathi sokuphendula se-SPD kumele sibe sifushane kakhulu (izinga le-nanosecond).

• Ukusetha kabusha Okuzenzakalelayo: Amanye ama-AC SPD angalulama ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemva kwesehlakalo sokwanda futhi awadingi ukungenelela ngesandla.

 

2.3 Indlela yokwenza Ngokufanele Khetha i-DC noma i-AC Surge Protector

 

• Cacisa uhlobo lwesistimu: Okokuqala nquma ukuthi ngabe uhlelo lwe-DC noma lwe-AC.

• Hlola ingozi yokwanda kombani: Ezindaweni ezivame ukushaya umbani, khetha izinga lokuvikela eliphakeme (njengenhlanganisela yohlobo 1 nohlobo 2).

• Izidingo zemishini yokufanisa: Ukuze uthole imishini kagesi enembile, khetha ama-SPD anempendulo esheshayo.

• Xhumana nochwepheshe: Ngezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi (njengokuphakelwa kukagesi okuhlanganisiwe), kunconywa ukuthi unjiniyela aklame uhlelo lokuvikela.

Ⅲ. Isiphetho

Izivikeli zokukhuphuka kwegesi ziyimishini ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezinhlelo zamandla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezinhlelweni ze-DC noma ze-AC, ukukhetha i-SPD efanele nokuyifaka kahle kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokulimala kwemishini. Ngokuthuthuka kwamandla amasha, izimoto zikagesi, kanye namagridi ahlakaniphile, isidingo sezivikeli zokukhuphuka kwegesi zamandla aqondile siyakhula, kuyilapho izivikeli zokukhuphuka kwegesi ze-AC zihlala ziyisisekelo sikagesi wezimboni nowasekhaya. Ngokukhetha kwesayensi nokufakwa okujwayelekile, izivikeli zokukhuphuka kwegesi zizoba "abavikeli bokuphepha" abathembekile bezinhlelo zikagesi.