Isingeniso

Ezinhlelweni zamandla zesimanje kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemishini kagesi, ama-surge protectors (ama-SPD) nama-inverter, njengezingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile, ukusebenza kwawo ngokubambisana kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okuphephile nokuzinzile kohlelo lonke. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamadivayisi kagesi kagesi, ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwalawa amabili sekuvame kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizogxila ezimisweni zokusebenza, izindlela zokukhetha, izindlela zokufaka ama-SPD nama-inverter, kanye nokuthi angahlanganiswa kanjani kahle ukuze ahlinzeke ngokuvikelwa okuphelele kwezinhlelo zamandla.

 

 

Isahluko 1: Ukuhlaziywa Okuphelele Kwabavikeli Bokukhuphuka

 

1.1 Kuyini isivikelo sokuqhuma?

 

Idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka (i-SPD ngamafuphi), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-surge arrester noma i-overvoltage protector, iyidivayisi kagesi enikeza ukuvikelwa kokuphepha kwemishini ehlukahlukene kagesi, izinsimbi, kanye nemigqa yokuxhumana. Ingaxhuma isekethe evikelwe ohlelweni lwe-equipotential ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, okwenza amandla echwebeni ngalinye lemishini alingane, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhulule ugesi okhiqizwa yisekethe ngenxa yokushaya kombani noma ukusebenza kokushintsha phansi, ngaleyo ndlela ivikele imishini kagesi ekulimaleni.

 

Izivikeli zokuqhuma zisetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni efana nokuxhumana, amandla, ukukhanyisa, ukuqapha, kanye nokulawula izimboni, futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile futhi ebalulekile yobunjiniyela besimanje bokuvikela umbani. Ngokwezindinganiso ze-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), izivikeli zokuqhuma zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: Uhlobo I (lokuvikela umbani ngqo), Uhlobo II (lokuvikela uhlelo lokusabalalisa), kanye noHlobo III (lokuvikela imishini yokugcina).

 

1.2 Isimiso Sokusebenza Somvikeli Wokukhuphuka

 

Isimiso esiyinhloko sokusebenza kwesivikelo sokukhuphuka sisekelwe ezicini zezingxenye ezingezona eziqondile (njenge-varistors, amashubhu okukhipha igesi, ama-diode okucindezela i-voltage yesikhashana, njll.). Ngaphansi kwe-voltage evamile, ziveza isimo se-impedance ephezulu futhi azinawo umthelela ekusebenzeni kwesekethe. Uma kwenzeka i-voltage yokukhuphuka, lezi zingxenye zingashintshela esimweni se-impedance ephansi ngaphakathi kwama-nanoseconds, ziqondise amandla e-overvoltage phansi ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise i-voltage kuyo yonke imishini evikelwe iye ebangeni eliphephile.

Inqubo ethile yokusebenza ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine:

 

1.2.1 Isigaba sokuqapha

 

I-SPD coniqapha njalo ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi esiketheni. Ihlala isesimweni sokungavimbeli okuphezulu ngaphakathi kwebanga elijwayelekile lamandla kagesi, ngaphandle kokuthinta ukusebenza okuvamile kwesistimu.

 

1.2.2 Isigaba sokuphendula

 

Uma i-voltage itholakala ukuthi idlula umkhawulo obekwe (njenge-385V yesistimu ye-220V), isici sokuvikela siphendula ngokushesha ngaphakathi kwamasekhondi amancane.

 

1.2.3 Ukukhishwa isiteji

Isici sokuvikela sishintshela esimweni sokuphazamiseka okuphansi, okudala indlela yokukhipha ugesi ukuze kuqondiswe ugesi oweqile emhlabathini, kuyilapho kufakwa i-voltage emishinini evikelwe ezingeni eliphephile.

 

1.2.4 Isigaba sokululama:

Ngemva kokwanda, ingxenye evikelayo ibuyela ngokuzenzakalelayo esimweni sokuvimbela okuphezulu, futhi uhlelo luqala ukusebenza okuvamile. Ngezinhlobo ezingezona ezizivuselelayo, kungadingeka ukushintshwa kwemojuli.

 

1.3 Kanjani ku- khetha isivikelo sokukhuphuka

 

Ukukhetha isivikelo sokukhuphuka esifanele kudinga ukucabangela izici ezahlukahlukene ukuqinisekisa umphumela wokuvikela ongcono kakhulu kanye nezinzuzo zomnotho.

 

1.3.1 Khetha uhlobo olusekelwe ezicini zesistimu

 

- Izinhlelo zokusabalalisa amandla ze-TT, TN noma ze-IT zidinga izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-SPD

- Ama-SPD ezinhlelo ze-AC kanye nezinhlelo ze-DC (njengezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic) awakwazi ukuxutshwa

- Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo zesigaba esisodwa kanye nezinhlelo zesigaba sesithathu

 

1.3.2 Ukhiye Ukufaniswa Kwepharamitha

 

- I-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo ephezulu (Uc) kufanele ibe phezulu kune-voltage eqhubekayo ephezulu kakhulu uhlelo olungahlangabezana nayo (ngokuvamile izikhathi eziyi-1.15-1.5 kune-voltage ekalwe uhlelo)

- Izinga lokuvikela i-voltage (Phezulu) kufanele libe ngaphansi kwe-voltage yokumelana yemishini evikelwe

- Umsinga wokukhipha amanzi ojwayelekile (In) kanye nomsinga wokukhipha amanzi ophakeme (Imax) kufanele kukhethwe ngokusekelwe endaweni yokufaka kanye nokuqina kokuphakama okulindelekile.

- Isikhathi sokuphendula kufanele sisheshe ngokwanele (ngokuvamile

 

1.3.3 Ukufakwa ukucatshangelwa kwendawo

 

- Indawo yokungena kagesi kufanele ifakwe i-Class I noma i-Class II SPD

- Iphaneli yokusabalalisa ingafakelwa i-Class II SPD

- Ingxenye engaphambili yemishini kufanele ivikelwe yi-SPD yokuvikela kahle yeSigaba III

 

1.3.4 Okukhethekile Izidingo Zemvelo

 

- Uma ufaka ngaphandle, cabangela izilinganiso ezingangeni manzi nezingenathuli (IP65 noma ngaphezulu)

- Ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphezulu, khetha ama-SPD afanele amazinga okushisa aphezulu

- Ezindaweni ezigqwalisayo, khetha izindawo ezivalekile ezinezakhiwo zokulwa nokugqwala

 

1.3.5 Isitifiketi Amazinga

 

- Ihambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke njenge-IEC 61643 kanye ne-UL 1449

- Iqinisekiswe yi-CE, TUV, njll.

- Ngezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic, kumele ihambisane nezindinganiso ze-IEC 61643-31

 

1.4 Indlela yokwenza faka isivikelo sokuhlasela

 

Ukufakwa okufanele kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezivikeli zokukhuphuka. Nasi umhlahlandlela wokufaka ochwepheshe

 

1.4.1 Ukufakwa Indawo Ukukhetha

 

- I-SPD yokungena kwamandla kufanele ifakwe ebhokisini lokusabalalisa eliyinhloko, eduze kakhulu nokuphela komugqa ongenayo ngangokunokwenzeka.

- Ibhokisi lokusabalalisa lesibili le-SPD kufanele lifakwe ngemva kokushintsha.

- I-SPD engaphambili yemishini kufanele ibekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nemishini evikelwe (kunconywa ukuthi ibanga libe ngaphansi kwamamitha ama-5).

 

1.4.2 Ukuxhuma izintambo Imininingwane

 

- Indlela yokuxhumanisa ethi "V" (uxhumano lweKelvin) inganciphisa ithonya lokungena kwe-lead.

- Izintambo ezixhumanisayo kufanele zibe mfushane futhi ziqonde ngangokunokwenzeka (

- Indawo ehlukanisa izintambo kufanele ihambisane nezindinganiso (ngokuvamile kungabi ngaphansi kwentambo yethusi engu-4mm²).

- Ucingo oluphansi kufanele lukhethe ngokukhethekile ucingo oluphuzi-oluhlaza okotshani olunemibala emibili, olunendawo enqamulayo engengaphansi kwaleyo yocingo lwesigaba.

 

1.4.3 Ukubeka phansi Izidingo

 

- Amatheminali okumisa isisekelo se-SPD kumele axhunywe ngokuphephile ebhasini lokumisa isisekelo lesistimu.

- Ukumelana komhlabathi kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo zesistimu (ngokuvamile

- Gwema ukuba nezintambo zokufaka inhlabathi ezinde kakhulu, ngoba lokhu kuzokwandisa ukuvimba kwenhlabathi.

 

1.4.4 Ukufakwa Izinyathelo

 

1) Nquma ugesi bese uqinisekisa ukuthi akukho voltage

2) Bhukha indawo yokufaka ebhokisini lokusabalalisa ngokuya ngobukhulu be-SPD

3) Lungisa isisekelo se-SPD noma isitimela sokuqondisa

4) Xhuma ucingo lwesigaba, ucingo olungathathi hlangothi kanye nocingo oluphansi ngokwedayagramu yocingo

5) Hlola ukuthi zonke izixhumanisi ziphephile yini

6) Vula ukuze kuhlolwe, qaphela izibani zesikhombisi sesimo

 

1.4.5 Ukufakwa Izinyathelo zokuzivikela

 

- Ungafaki i-SPD ngaphambi kwe-fuse noma i-circuit breaker.

- Ibanga elanele (ubude bekhebula > amamitha ayi-10) kufanele ligcinwe phakathi kwama-SPD amaningi noma kufanele kwengezwe idivayisi yokuhlukanisa.

- Ngemva kokufakwa, idivayisi yokuvikela i-overcurrent (njenge-fuse noma i-circuit breaker) kufanele ifakwe engxenyeni engaphambili ye-SPD.

- Ukuhlolwa okuvamile (okungenani kanye ngonyaka) kanye nokugcinwa kufanele kwenziwe. Ukuhlolwa okuqinisiwe kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi nangemva kwesizini yezimvula.

 

Isahluko 2: Ku--ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwama-inverter

 

2.1 Kuyini i-inverter?

 

I-inverter iyithuluzi likagesi elisebenzisa amandla eliguqula ugesi oqondile (DC) ube ugesi oshintshashintshayo (AC). Liyisici esibalulekile esibalulekile ezinhlelweni zamandla zanamuhla. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwamandla avuselelekayo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-inverter sekusabalele kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ugesi we-photovoltaic, ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ugesi womoya, ezinhlelweni zokugcina ugesi, kanye nezinhlelo zokunikezwa ugesi okungenakuphazamiseka (UPS).

 

 

Ama-inverter angahlukaniswa ngama-inverter amagagasi ayisikwele, ama-inverter amagagasi ane-modified sine kanye nama-inverter amagagasi ane-sine ahlanzekile ngokusekelwe kuma-waveform awo okukhipha; angahlukaniswa futhi ngama-inverter axhunywe kugridi, ama-inverter angaphandle kwegridi kanye nama-inverter ahlanganisiwe ngokwezimo zokusetshenziswa kwawo; futhi angahlukaniswa ngama-inverter amancane, ama-string inverters kanye nama-inverter aphakathi ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zawo zamandla.

 

2.2 Ukusebenza Isimiso se-Inverter

 

Umgomo oyinhloko wokusebenza kwe-inverter ukuguqula i-direct current ibe yi-alternating current ngokusebenzisa izenzo zokushintsha okusheshayo zamadivayisi okushintsha ama-semiconductor (njenge-IGBT ne-MOSFET). Inqubo eyisisekelo yokusebenza imi kanje:

 

2.2.1 Okokufaka kwe-DC Isiteji

 

Ugesi we-DC (njengamaphaneli e-photovoltaic, amabhethri) unikeza amandla kagesi e-DC ku-inverter.

 

2.2.2 Ukukhulisa Isiteji (Ongakukhetha)

 

I-voltage yokufaka ikhushulwa iye ezingeni elifanele ukusebenza kwe-inverter ngesekethe yokukhulisa ye-DC-DC.

 

2.2.3 Ukuguqulwa Isiteji

 

Amaswishi okulawula avulwa futhi acinywe ngokulandelana okuthile, okuguqula ugesi oqondile ube ugesi oqondile oshayayo. Lokhu kuhlungwa yisekethe yesihlungi ukuze kwakheke i-waveform eshintshanayo.

 

2.2.4 Umphumela Isiteji

 

Ngemva kokudlula ekuhlungeni kwe-LC, umphumela uzoba yi-alternating current efanelekile (njenge-220V/50Hz noma i-110V/60Hz).

 

Kuma-inverter axhunywe kugridi, ihlanganisa nemisebenzi ethuthukisiwe njengokulawula uxhumano lwegridi oluhambisanayo, ukulandelela amaphuzu aphezulu wamandla (MPPT), kanye nokuvikelwa komphumela we-islanding. Ama-inverter anamuhla avame ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle kwe-waveform.

 

2.3 Indlela yokwenza khetha i-inverter

 

Ukukhetha i-inverter efanele kudinga ukucabangela izici eziningi:

 

2.3.1 Khetha uhlobo okusekelwe ngesimo sesicelo

 

- Ngezinhlelo ezixhunywe kugridi, khetha ama-inverter axhunywe kugridi

- Ngezinhlelo ezingaphandle kwegridi, khetha ama-inverter angaphandle kwegridi

- Ngezinhlelo ze-hybrid, khetha ama-inverter e-hybrid

 

2.3.2 Amandla Ukufanisa

 

- Amandla alinganisiwe kufanele abe phezulu kancane kunamandla omthwalo aphelele (isilinganiso esinconywayo sezikhathi ezingu-1.2 - 1.5)

- Cabanga ngomthamo wokulayisha ngokweqile osheshayo (njengokuqala kwamandla enjini)

 

2.3.3 Okokufaka isici ukufanisa

 

- Ububanzi bamandla okufaka kufanele bumboze ububanzi bamandla okukhiphayo kokunikezwa kwamandla.

- Kumasistimu e-photovoltaic, inani lezindlela ze-MPPT kanye nogesi wokufaka kudingeka kufane namapharamitha ezingxenye.

 

2.3.4 Umphumela Izici Izidingo

 

- I-voltage kanye nemvamisa yokuphuma kuhambisana nezindinganiso zendawo (ezifana ne-220V/50Hz)

- Ikhwalithi ye-Waveform (kungcono i-inverter ye-sine wave emsulwa)

- Ukusebenza kahle (ama-inverter asezingeni eliphezulu anamandla okusebenza angu-> 95%)

 

2.3.5 Ukuvikelwa Imisebenzi

 

- Ukuvikelwa okuyisisekelo njengokusebenzisa amandla amaningi ngokweqile, ukungabi namandla amaningi ngokweqile, ukulayisha ngokweqile, ukujikeleza okufushane, kanye nokushisa ngokweqile

- Kuma-inverter axhunywe kugridi, ukuvikelwa komphumela we-islanding kuyadingeka

- Ukuvikelwa kokujova okulwa nokujikijela emuva (kwezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe)

 

2.3.6 Ezemvelo Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo

 

- Ibanga Lokushisa Lokusebenza

- Izinga Lokuvikela (i-IP65 noma ngaphezulu iyadingeka ekufakweni kwangaphandle)

- Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Kokuphakama

 

2.3.7 Isitifiketi Izidingo

 

- Ama-inverter axhunywe kugridi kumele abe nezitifiketi zokuxhumeka kwegridi yendawo (njenge-CQC eShayina, i-VDE-AR-N 4105 e-EU, njll.)

- Izitifiketi zokuphepha (ezifana ne-UL, i-IEC, njll.)

 

2.4 Indlela yokwenza faka i-inverter

 

Ukufakwa okufanele kwe-inverter kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo kanye nesikhathi sayo sokuphila:

 

2.4.1 Ukufakwa Indawo Ukukhetha

 

- Kunomoya omuhle, kugwema ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile

- Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo lisukela ku--25℃ kuya ku-+60℃ (bheka imininingwane yomkhiqizo)

- Yomile futhi ihlanzekile, igwema uthuli namagesi agqwalisayo

- Indawo elula yokusebenza nokugcinwa

- Kuseduze kakhulu nebhethri ngangokunokwenzeka (ukunciphisa ukulahleka komugqa)

 

2.4.2 Okwemishini Ukufakwa

 

- Faka usebenzisa ukufakwa odongeni noma amabhuleki ukuqinisekisa ukuqina

- Gcina ifakwe ngokuqondile ukuze kusheshiswe ukushisa kangcono

- Gcina isikhala esanele nxazonke (ngokuvamile esingaphezu kuka-50cm ngaphezulu nangaphansi, kanye nesingaphezu kuka-30cm ngakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla)

 

2.4.3 Ugesi Ukuxhumana

 

- Ukuxhumeka Kohlangothi lwe-DC:

- Qinisekisa i-polarity efanele (ama-terminal amahle nangalungile akumele aguqulwe)

- Sebenzisa izintambo ezinemininingwane efanele (ngokuvamile 4-35mm²)

- Kunconywa ukufaka i-DC circuit breaker ku-positive terminal

 

- Ukuxhumeka Ohlangothini lwe-AC:

- Xhuma ngokuya nge-L/N/PE

- Imininingwane yekhebula kumele ihlangabezane nezidingo zamanje

- Kumelwe kufakwe i-AC circuit breaker

 

- Ukuxhumeka Kokumisa:

- Qinisekisa ukuthi isisekelo siqinile (ukumelana nesisekelo

- Ububanzi bentambo yokumisa umhlabathi akumele bube ngaphansi kobubanzi bentambo yesigaba

 

2.4.4 Uhlelo Ukucushwa

 

- Ama-inverter axhunywe kugridi kumele afakwe amadivayisi okuvikela igridi ahambisanayo.

- Ama-inverter angaphandle kwegridi adinga ukulungiselelwa ngamabhange ebhethri afanele.

- Setha amapharamitha esistimu afanele (i-voltage, imvamisa, njll.)

 

2.4.5 Ukufakwa Izinyathelo zokuzivikela

 

- Qinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithombo yamandla inqanyuliwe ngaphambi kokufakwa

- Gwema ukusebenzisa imigqa ye-DC neye-AC eceleni

- Hlukanisa izintambo zokuxhumana nezintambo zikagesi

- Hlola ngokucophelela ngemva kokufaka ngaphambi kokuvula ukuze kuhlolwe

 

2.4.6 Ukulungisa amaphutha kanye Ukuhlolwa

 

- Linganisa ukumelana nokushisa ngaphambi kokuvula

- Vula kancane kancane amandla bese uqaphela inqubo yokuqalisa

- Hlola ukuthi imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuvikela isebenza kahle yini

- Kala i-voltage yokukhipha, imvamisa, kanye neminye imingcele

 

Isahluko 3: Ukubambisana phakathi kwe-SPD ne-Inverter

 

3.1 Kungani i i-inverter idinga isivikelo sokukhuphuka?

 

Njengedivayisi kagesi enamandla, i-inverter izwa kakhulu ekushintsheni kwamandla kagesi futhi idinga ukuvikelwa ngokubambisana kwesivikelo sokukhuphuka. Izizathu eziyinhloko zalokhu zifaka:

 

3.1.1 Okuphezulu Ukuzwela ye-Inverter

 

I-inverter iqukethe inani elikhulu lamadivayisi e-semiconductor anembile kanye namasekethe okulawula. Lezi zingxenye zinokubekezelela okulinganiselwe kwe-overvoltage futhi zisengozini enkulu yokulimala okuvela ekukhuphukeni.

 

3.1.2 Uhlelo Ukuvuleleka

Imigqa ye-DC kanye ne-AC ohlelweni lwe-photovoltaic ivame ukuba mide kakhulu futhi ivezwe kancane ngaphandle, okwenza ithambekele kakhulu emifudlaneni yokuqhuma ebangelwa umbani.

 

3.1.3 Okubili Izingozi

I-inverter ayivezwanga nje kuphela ezinsongweni zokukhuphuka kwamandla avela ohlangothini lwegridi yamandla, kodwa futhi ingase ibhekane nemithelela yokukhuphuka kwamandla avela ohlangothini lwe-photovoltaic array.

 

3.1.4 Ezomnotho Ukulahlekelwa

Ama-inverter ngokuvamile angenye yezingxenye ezibiza kakhulu ohlelweni lwe-photovoltaic. Umonakalo wawo ungaholela ekukhubazekeni kwesistimu kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokulungisa.

 

3.1.5 Ukuphepha Ingozi

Ukulimala kwe-inverter kungaholela ezingozini zesibili njengokushaqeka kukagesi kanye nomlilo.

 

Ngokwezibalo, ezinhlelweni ze-photovoltaic, cishe ama-35% okwehluleka kwe-inverter kuhlobene nokucindezeleka ngokweqile kukagesi, futhi iningi lalokhu lingagwenywa ngezinyathelo zokuvikela ukukhuphuka okunengqondo.

 

3.2 Isixazululo Sokuhlanganiswa Kwesistimu Somvikeli Wokukhuphuka kanye Ne-Inverter

 

Uhlelo oluphelele lokuvikela ukukhuphuka kohlelo lwe-photovoltaic kufanele luhlanganise amazinga amaningi okuvikela:

 

3.2.1 DC Uhlangothi Isivikelo

 

- Faka i-DC SPD ezinikele ngqo yezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic ngaphakathi kwebhokisi le-DC combiner le-photovoltaic array.

- Faka i-DC SPD yezinga lesibili ekugcineni kokufakwa kwe-DC kwe-inverter.

- Vikela amamojula e-photovoltaic kanye nesigaba se-DC/DC se-inverter.

 

3.2.2 Ukuxhumana-ukuvikelwa ohlangothini

 

- Faka i-AC SPD yezinga lokuqala ekugcineni kokuphuma kwe-AC kwe-inverter

- Faka i-AC SPD yezinga lesibili endaweni yokuxhuma igridi noma ikhabhinethi yokusabalalisa

- Vikela ingxenye ye-DC/AC ye-inverter kanye ne-interface ngegridi yamandla

 

3.2.3 Isignali Iluphu Isivikelo

 

- Faka ama-SPD esignali emigqeni yokuxhumana efana ne-RS485 ne-Ethernet

- Vikela amasekethe okulawula kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha

 

3.2.4 Okulinganayo Okungenzeka Uxhumano

 

- Qinisekisa ukuthi zonke iziphesheli ze-SPD grounding zixhunywe ngokuphephile ku-grounding yesistimu

- Nciphisa umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusekela phansi

 

3.3 Okuhlelekile ukucabangela yokukhetha nokufaka

 

Ekusetshenzisweni kwezivikelo zokukhuphuka kanye nama-inverter ndawonye, ​​ukukhethwa nokufakwa kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokukhethekile izici ezilandelayo:

 

3.3.1 Ukufanisa Amandla

 

- Inani le-Uc le-DC-side SPD kumele libe phezulu kune-voltage ephezulu ye-open-circuit ye-photovoltaic array (kucatshangelwa i-coefficient yokushisa)

- Inani le-Uc le-SPD eseceleni kwe-AC kufanele libe phezulu kune-voltage ephezulu yokusebenza okuqhubekayo yegridi yamandla

- Inani eliphezulu le-SPD kufanele libe ngaphansi kunenani le-voltage yokumelana ye-port ngayinye ye-inverter

 

3.3.2 Amandla Amanje

 

- Khetha i-In kanye ne-Imax ye-SPD ngokusekelwe ku-surge current elindelekile endaweni yokufaka.

- Ngohlangothi lwe-DC lwesistimu ye-photovoltaic, kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-SPD okungenani ene-20kA (8/20μs).

- Ohlangothini lwe-AC, khetha i-SPD ene-20-50kA kuye ngendawo.

 

3.3.3 Ukuxhumanisa kanye nokubambisana

 

- Kufanele kube nokulingana okufanele kwamandla (ibanga noma ukuhlukanisa) phakathi kwama-SPD amaningi.

- Qinisekisa ukuthi ama-SPD aseduze ne-inverter awathwali wonke amandla okukhuphuka kuphela.

- Amanani aphezulu ezingeni ngalinye le-SPD kufanele akhe i-gradient (ngokuvamile, izinga eliphezulu liphakeme ngo-20% noma ngaphezulu kunezinga eliphansi).

 

3.3.4 Okukhethekile Izidingo

 

- I-photovoltaic DC SPD kumele ibe nesivikelo sokuxhumeka okungemuva.

- Cabanga ngokuvikelwa kokukhuphuka kwegesi okuqondiswayo (ukukhuphuka kwegesi kungase kungeniswe kusuka ohlangothini lwegridi kanye nohlangothi lwe-photovoltaic).

- Khetha ama-SPD anamakhono okushisa aphezulu ukuze asetshenziswe ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu.

 

3.3.5 Ukufakwa Amathiphu

 

- I-SPD kufanele ibekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nembobo evikelwe (ama-terminal e-DC/AC e-inverter)

- Izintambo zokuxhuma kufanele zibe zimfushane futhi ziqonde ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwe-lead

- Qinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokusekela phansi lune-impedance ephansi

- Gwema ukwakha iluphu emigqeni ephakathi kwe-SPD kanye ne-inverter

 

3.4 Ukulungiswa kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga

 

Izindawo zokulungisa uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwabavikeli bokukhuphuka kanye nama-inverter:

 

3.4.1 Okuvamile ukuhlolwa

 

- Hlola inkomba yesimo se-SPD njalo ngenyanga.

- Hlola ukuqina koxhumano njalo ngekota.

- Kala ukumelana komhlabathi minyaka yonke.

- Hlola ngokushesha ngemva kokushaya kombani.

 

3.4.2 Okuvamile ukuxazulula izinkinga

 

- Ukusebenza njalo kwe-SPD: Hlola ukuthi i-voltage yesistimu izinzile yini nokuthi imodeli ye-SPD iyafaneleka yini.

- Ukwehluleka kwe-SPD: Hlola ukuthi idivayisi yokuvikela engaphambili iyahambisana yini nokuthi ukukhuphuka kudlula yini umthamo we-SPD.

- I-inverter isalokhu yonakele: Hlola ukuthi indawo yokufaka i-SPD ifanelekile yini nokuthi uxhumano lulungile yini.

- I-alamu engamanga: Hlola ukuhambisana phakathi kwe-SPD ne-inverter nokuthi isisekelo silungile yini.

 

3.4.3 Ukufaka esikhundleni Amazinga

 

- Isibonakaliso sesimo sibonisa ukwehluleka

- Ukubukeka kukhombisa umonakalo osobala (njengokusha, ukuqhekeka, njll.)

- Uhlangabezana nemicimbi yokwanda edlula inani elilinganiselwe

- Ukufinyelela impilo yesevisi enconyiwe ngumenzi (ngokuvamile iminyaka engu-8-10)

 

3.4.4 Uhlelo Ukuthuthukisa

 

- Lungisa ukucushwa kwe-SPD ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza

- Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha (njengokuqapha okuhlakaniphile kwe-SPD)

- Khulisa ukuvikelwa ngokufanele ngesikhathi sokwandiswa kwesistimu

 

Isahluko 4: Ikusasa Izitayela Zokuthuthukiswa

 

Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-Intanethi Yezinto, ama-SPD ahlakaniphile azoba umkhuba:

 

4.1 Ukwanda okuhlakaniphile isivikelo ubuchwepheshe

Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-Intanethi Yezinto, ama-SPD ahlakaniphile azoba umkhuba:

- Ukuqapha isimo se-SPD ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nesikhathi sokuphila esisele

- Ukurekhoda inani namandla emicimbi yokwanda

- I-alamu ekude kanye nokuxilongwa

- Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokuqapha ze-inverter

 

4.2 Okuphakeme ukusebenza amadivayisi okuvikela

 

Izinhlobo ezintsha zamadivayisi okuvikela ziyathuthukiswa:

- Amadivayisi okuvikela aqinile anezikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo

- Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezinomthamo omkhulu wokumunca amandla

- Amadivayisi okuzivikela azilungisa wona

- Amamojula ahlanganisa ukuvikelwa okuningi njengokuvikela i-overvoltage, i-overcurrent, kanye nokuvikela ukushisa ngokweqile

 

4.3 Uhlelo-izinga ikhambi lokuvikela ngokubambisana

 

Isiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo siwukuvela ekuvikelweni kwedivayisi eyodwa kuya ekuvikelweni kokubambisana kwezinga lesistimu:

- Ukubambisana okuhlanganisiwe phakathi kwe-SPD kanye nokuvikelwa okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kwe-inverter

- Izinhlelo zokuvikela ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezisekelwe ezicini zesistimu

- Amasu okuvikela anamandla acatshangelwa umthelela wokuxhumana kwegridi

- Ukuvikelwa kokubikezela kuhlanganiswe nama-algorithms e-AI

 

Isiphetho

 

Ukusebenza okuhlelekile kwezivikeli zokukhuphuka kanye nama-inverter kuyisiqinisekiso esibalulekile sokusebenza okuphephile kwezinhlelo zamandla zesimanje. Ngokukhethwa kwesayensi, ukufakwa okujwayelekile, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu okuphelele, ingozi yokukhuphuka ingancishiswa kakhulu, isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini singandiswa, futhi ukuthembeka kwesistimu kungathuthukiswa. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, ukubambisana phakathi kwalaba ababili kuzoba okuhlakaniphile nokusebenza kahle, kuhlinzeke ngokusekelwa okuqinile kokuvikela ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla ahlanzekile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini kagesi enamandla.

 

Kubaklami bezinhlelo kanye nabasebenzi bokufaka/ukulungisa, ukuqonda kahle izimiso zokusebenza zabavikeli be-surge kanye nama-inverter, kanye namaphuzu abalulekile okuxhumana kwabo, kuzosiza ekwakheni izixazululo ezilungiselelwe kangcono futhi kudalwe inani elikhulu kubasebenzisi. Enkathini yanamuhla yokuguqulwa kwamandla kanye nokufakwa kukagesi okusheshayo, lokhu kucabanga kokuvikela ngokubambisana phakathi kwamadivayisi kubaluleke kakhulu.