Isingeniso

Ngo-2024, ukulahlekelwa okuqondile kwezomnotho okubangelwe ukushaywa kombani emhlabeni wonke kwafinyelela kumaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingu-4.7, cishe u-60% walokhu kulahlekelwa kubangelwa ukuvikelwa okunganele kwezinhlelo zikagesi. Njengedivayisi ebalulekile yokumelana nokwanda kwamandla kagesi, ikhwalithi yokufaka yamadivayisi okuvikela ukukhuphuka kwamandla (ama-SPD) inquma ngqo ukuthembeka kohlelo lonke lwamandla. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izimfihlo zokufakwa kwalesi "sivikelo samandla", sikuqondise ngesisombululo esibanzi kusukela esimisweni kuya ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo.

Ⅰ. Ukuqonda "Idivayisi Yokuvikela Ekhuphukayo (ama-SPD)"

Esikhungweni sedatha eDubai, iqembu lamaseva abiza amaRandi ayizigidi ezimbili laseMelika lonakaliswe yimvula enkulu ngoba ayengenazo i-SPD. Leli cala langempela lembula indawo eyinhloko yabavikeli bokukhuphuka kwamandla ezimisweni zamandla zanamuhla.

1.1 Kuyini isivikelo sokuqhuma?

I-SPD empeleni "iyi-valve ye-voltage ehlakaniphile". Uma ithola i-voltage ephezulu engavamile, ingasungula indlela yokukhipha ngaphakathi kwesikhathi se-nanosecond (ngokushesha okuphindwe kayisigidi kunokucwayiza komuntu). Ngokungafani nama-circuit breaker avamile, iklanyelwe ngqo ukusingatha ama-voltage afushane kakhulu (izinga le-microsecond) kodwa anamandla kakhulu.

1.2 Imithombo emithathu emikhulu yokukhuphuka kwamanzi okumele ivinjelwe

• Ukuduma kwemvelo: Ugesi ongaphezulu obangelwa umbani ungakhiqiza ugesi ongama-ampere ayi-100,000 ngesikhathi esisodwa.

• Izinkinga ezifihliwe kugridi yamandla: Ukwanda kwamandla kagesi okubangelwa ukuqala nokuyeka kwemishini emikhulu kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni zezimboni.

• Ukuzilimaza kwesistimu: Ukwanda kwamandla kagesi okubangelwa ukushintsha kwama-capacitor nama-inductor.

Ⅱ. Ukwembula Indlela "Yokuphendula Ukucindezeleka" ye-SPD

Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-Power Laboratory ye-Technical University yaseMunich lubonisa ukuthi ngokwamukela uhlelo lokuvikela olunezinga ezintathu oluhlanganisa i-Type1, i-Type2, kanye ne-Type3, amathuba okulimala kwemishini angancishiswa ngo-98%. Lesi sakhiwo "sokuvikela esinezingqimba eziningi" sifana nokwakha izivikelo zomlilo ezintathu zesistimu yamandla.

2.1 Ukuqhathaniswa kwezimiso zokusebenza zezingxenye eziyinhloko

2.2 Isu "lokuvikela i-cascade" elingaziwa kangako

Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-Power Laboratory ye-Technical University yaseMunich lubonisa ukuthi ngokwamukela uhlelo lokuvikela olunezinga ezintathu oluhlanganisa i-Type1, i-Type2, kanye ne-Type3, amathuba okulimala kwemishini angancishiswa ngo-98%. Lesi sakhiwo "sokuvikela esinezingqimba eziningi" sifana nokwakha izivikelo zomlilo ezintathu zesistimu yamandla.

Ⅲ. Ugibe lokukhetha: Abasebenzisi abangu-90% abawanaki amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo

Isibhedlela eSingapore sikhethe imodeli ye-SPD engalungile, okwaholela ekulimaleni okuqhubekayo kwemishini ye-MRI ebiza amashumi ezigidi ngesikhathi semvula. Lesi sifundo esibuhlungu sembula ukubaluleka kokukhethwa kwemodeli.

3.1 Amaphutha Amane Amakhulu Okukhetha Okubulalayo

- Umbono Oyiphutha 1: Ukugxila entengo kuphela ngenkathi ungazinaki inani Lokunyuka (Imboni ethile ivaliwe ngenxa yokonga izindleko ezingama-$300, okuholele ekulahlekelweni kokukhiqiza okungama-$230,000)

- Umbono Oyiphutha 2: Ukunganaki ithonya lokushisa kwemvelo (I-SPD kuphrojekthi eMpumalanga Ephakathi yehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu)

- Umbono Ongalungile 3: Imingcele ye-In ne-Imax edidayo (okubangela indawo engaboni yokuvikela)

- Umbono Oyiphutha 4: Izinhlelo zokumisa ezingahambisani (okubangela ukuthi isimo "somvikeli siba sibi kakhulu ngokuvikelwa okwengeziwe")

3.2 Ifomula yokukhetha enconywe ochwepheshe

Imodeli ye-SPD esebenzayo = (Inani le-voltage elimelana nemishini × 0.7)

Ⅳ. Umkhuba Wokufaka: Umsebenzi Wobuchwepheshe Othakazelisayo

Ngokusho kwencwadi yokufaka yeTokyo Electric Power Company, ukulandelana kwezintambo okungalungile kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-SPD ngo-70%. Lokhu okulandelayo kuyinqubo ejwayelekile eye yafakazelwa emkhakheni iminyaka engama-20.

4.1 Indlela Yokufaka Yegolide Yezinyathelo Eziyisithupha

• Ukuqinisekiswa kokuhluleka kukagesi: Sebenzisa indlela yokuqinisekisa abantu ababili (oyedwa usebenza kanti omunye uyahlola)

• Ukukhetha indawo: Kungabi ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-0.5 ukusuka endaweni yokugcina umhlabathi (uma ibanga lidlula lokhu, ububanzi bentambo kufanele bukhuliswe)

• Ukuqondanisa izigaba: Sebenzisa ikhodi yombala kanye ne-multimeter ukuze uqinisekise kabili

• Inqubo yokuxhuma: Sebenzisa ama-hydraulic pliers ukuze ugoqe, futhi ugweme ukugoqa okulula

• Ukwelashwa kokusila: Gaya indawo yokuthintana kuze kube yilapho insimbi ikhanya

• Ukuhlolwa komsebenzi: Sebenzisa umhloli we-SPD ozinikele

4.2 Ukuhlaziywa Kwamacala Ajwayelekile Ephutha

- Icala 1: Isikhungo sedatha sehlulekile ukwenza uxhumano lwe-equipotential, okwaholela ekwehlulekeni kwe-SPD.

- Icala 2: Lapho ifakwa ngokulingana, ibanga lokuhlukanisa alizange licatshangelwe, okwabangela indawo engaboni yokuvikela.

- Icala 3: Ukusebenzisa izintambo zokusekela ze-aluminium core kwaholela ekugqwaleni nasekufinyeleleni i-short circuit.

Ⅴ. Le mininingwane inquma impilo nokufa kwe-SPD

5.1 Izinto eziyisithupha okufanele uzigweme endaweni yokufaka

- Ungafaki ngaphakathi kwemitha elilodwa ukusuka emthonjeni wokudlidliza.

- Ungabeki ndawonye namagesi agqwalisayo.

- Ungafaki ngokuphambuka kwe-engeli okungaphezu kuka-5° ukusuka phezulu.

- Ungafaki endaweni evaliwe lapho ukushisa kungasasebenzi kahle khona.

- Ungafaki eduze kuka-30 cm nezinye izingxenye ezikhiqiza ukushisa.

- Ungafaki endaweni enothuli ngaphandle kwesivikelo esivikelayo.

5.2 Umjikelezo Wokulungisa Iphasiwedi

- Izindawo ezisogwini: Hlola kanye njalo ngekota

- Izindawo ezinezimvula ezivame ukuduma: Hlola ngokushesha ngemva kokuduma ngakunye

- Izindawo zezimboni: Yenza ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo njalo ngenyanga

- Izindawo zokuhweba ezivamile: Yiba nokuhlolwa kochwepheshe minyaka yonke

Isiphetho

Njengoba nje uDkt. Smith, uchwepheshe we-International Electrotechnical Commission, eshilo: "Iphrojekthi yokufaka i-SPD efanelekile kufanele ibe yinhlanganisela ephelele yemishini, ulwazi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho." Emkhakheni wokuphepha kukagesi, imininingwane iyimpilo. Ukukhetha isivikelo sokukhuphuka esifanele nokusifaka ngendlela efanele akugcini nje ngokuvikela imishini, kodwa futhi nokuhlonipha impilo.